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Another metabolic change is the decrease in the brains glucose uptake and glycolysis, which can be viewed as the early onset of AD (Ding et al., 2013

S.YahyaG.ZimmermannJ.MaiM.MergelS.MhlhausT.et al (2021)

Availability of data and materials Cited reviews can be seen from Abbreviations AADvaC1: Anti-tau vaccine A: Amyloid beta A: Amyloid beta 42 substrate AChEIs: Acetylcholine inhibitors AChRs: Acetylcholine receptors AD: Alzheimers disease ADAM10: A Disintegrin and metalloprotease ADAS-Cog: Alzheimers disease Assessment Scale Cognitive Subscale ADCS-ADL: Alzheimers disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living Scale AI: Aluminum Akt: Serine/threonine protein kinase AMBAR: Alzheimers management by albumin replacement APH1: Anterior pharynx defective 1 APP: Amyloid precursor protein APOP: Apolipoprotein ApoE: Apolipoprotein E Apo E2: Allele of apolipoprotein E2 Apo E3: Allele of apolipoprotein E3 Apo E4: Allele of apolipoprotein E4 ATP: Adenosine triphosphate AXS-05: Dextromethorphan and Bupropion AGB 101: Low dose preparation of levetiracetam BACE1: Site-amyloid converting enzyme 1 BBB: Blood brain barrier bid: Twice a day BPSD: Behavioral psychological symptoms of dementia CAA: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy Ca2 + : Calcium CA3: Cornu ammonis CAT: Catalase CHAP: Chicago Health and Aging Project CNS: Central Nervous System CREAD: A study of crenezumab versus placebo to evaluate the efficacy and safety in participants with prodromal to mild Alzheimers disease CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid CTPSG: Centralized telemetry processing system CT: Computed tomography Cu: Copper DDX17: DEAD-Box Helicase 17 DMP: Dextromethorphan DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid DS: Down syndrome DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders EOAD: Early-onset Alzheimers disease ER: Endoplasmic reticulum ERT: Estrogen replacement therapy E2814: High affinity antibody targeting microtubule binding repeat domain of tau FAAH: Fatty acid amide hydrolase FAD: Flavin adenine dinucleotide FDA: Food and Drug Administration Fe: Iron Fe2 + : Iron compound FTD: Frontotemporal dementia Gov: Government GSH: Reduced glutathione GSSG: Glutathione disulfide GSK-3: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 GV-971: Sodium oligomannate HHV: Human herpes virus HIV: Human immunodeficiency viruses HSV: Herpes simplex virus HPA: Hypothalamus pituitary adrenocortical H 2 O: Water H 2 O 2 : Hydrogen peroxide IDE: Insulin degrading enzyme INOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase IV: Intravenous IVIG: Intravenous immunoglobulin IHME: Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation IgG1: Immunoglobulin G IL-17: Interleukin 17 KYN: Kynurenine LOAD: Late-onset Alzheimers disease LBD: Lewy body dementia MCI: Mild cognitive impairment Mn: Manganese MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging NCT: National Clinical Trial NCT: Nicastrin NFTs: Neurofibrillary tangles NMDA: N-Methyl-D-aspartate memantine Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 NSAIDs: Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs OH: Hydrogen ion O 2 : Oxygen gas PCP: Primary care physician PD: Parkinsons disease PO: Oral route of administration PCPs: Primary care physician PE: Pulmonary embolism PEN-2: Presenilin enhancer 2 PET: Positron emission tomography PHFs: Paired helical filaments PO: Oral route of administration PSG: Polysomnography PS1: Presenilin 1 PS2: Presenilin 2 PSEN 1: Presenilin-1 PPARs: Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor qHs: Once a day at bedtime qid: Four times a day REM: Rapid eye movement ROS: Reactive oxygen species RNSx: Reactive nitrogen species RONS: Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species SARS-COV-2: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 SApps: Soluble amyloid precursor protein SD: Sleep deprivation SNPs: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms SOD: Superoxide dismutases SORT 1: Sortilin 1 SP: Senile plaques SPECT: Single photon emission computerized tomography SV2A: Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A Tau: Tubulin associated unit TMP21: Transmembrane protein 21 TRP: Tryptophan TrpKYN: Tryptophankynurenine TREM 2: Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells US: United States Zn: Zinc References Moller HJ, Graeber MB

Cells (2019) 9(1):52

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