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doi: 10.1073/pnas.1103623108 4 AnsteyK

While high levels of Maillard reaction products can be detrimental, emerging evidence suggests potential hormetic effects of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) at lower doses, primarily stemming from their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and prebiotic properties

Specifically, bloodletting puncture can suppress the expression of MAPK, ERK, p38, and their downstream molecules, MMP9 and AQP4, leading to enhanced neurological function, reduced brain edema, stabilization of the bloodbrain barrier, and decreased apoptosis

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) constitute a family of seven known membrane-bound isoforms: NOX1, NOX2, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, dual oxidase 1 (DUOX1), and dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2)

Majewski et al