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The most comprehensive review to date, published in JAAOS Global Research & Reviews , reached the same conclusion: Although preclinical studies are promising, there is a current lack of clinical trials (Rahman et al., 2026)

Authors proposed a model wherein PL enters the cell, is hydrolyzed in its active form (hPL) with subsequent formation of a hPL:GSH complex that binds the active site of GSTP1-1 causing its inhibition (Fig

Although these findings do not completely exclude the effect on kidney parenchymal cells or off-target effects, these results suggest that sulfasalazine prevents the formation of TLS not by attenuating tubular injury but via its inhibitory effect on of the cystine/glutamate transporter specifically expressed within TLS

All studies also reported the purity of BPC 157 in the methodologies (99% high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC))

doi: 10.1172/JCI19874 133