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It increased the upregulation of SOD2 mRNA and mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplex (mitoSC) levels, and mRNA levels of IL-15, and OPA1, suggesting that high-intensity interval training can improve mitochondrial function in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria by activating the AMPK pathway to increase the level of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy, promote the assembly and formation of mitochondrial stem cells, and inhibit OS ( 5.2 Potential mechanisms of exercise-regulated mitophagy intervention in metabolic diseases 5.2.1 Exercise regulates mitophagy to inhibit OS OS is a process in which the production of ROS in an organism exceeds the scavenging capacity of the antioxidant system, resulting in damage to cells and tissues (Stavely et al., 2023)

Oveland et al., 2012

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mRNA and telomere function, and its mutation is associated with premature telomere shortening

Nevertheless, the clinical implications of high GH and low IGF-I on long-term metabolic and vascular outcomes in patients with T2D remain unclear