l carnitine given to women midage ncbi L-Carnitine Tartrate Supplementation for 5 Weeks Improves Exercise Recovery in Men and Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial CARNITINE HOMEOSTASIS, MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION, AND

Hao J, Gao Y, Xue J, Yang Y, Yin J, Wu T et al (2022) Phytochemicals, pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of mulberry

Vel is also affiliated with several local hospitals, including Lee Memorial Hospital, Naples Community Hospital, and HealthPark Medical Center

(e.g., tetany) For more information see Vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D toxicity Causes Oversupplementation Granulomatous disorders (e.g., sarcoidosis): due to increased 1-hydroxylase activation in epithelioid macrophages increased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D synthesis Clinical features Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria (see also laboratory evaluation of bone disease) Loss of appetite Stupor Therapeutic uses Osteoporosis (prevention and treatment) Paget disease Prenatal supplementation for vegetarian mothers (400 IU per day) Characteristics Synonyms: : tocopherol, tocotrienol Substance class: tocopherols Chemical structure: chromane with isoprenoid side chain Inactive precursors (provitamins): none Active form: tocopherol Sources: meat, eggs, vegetable oils, leafy vegetables [8] Transport: alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (-TTP) Storage: adipose tissue, parenchymal cells of the liver Excretion: via bile Functions Antioxidant Prevents free radical damage, especially in RBCs and at cell membranes Interrupts free radical chains and oxidizes itself as a result Other functions Inhibition of platelet aggregation, cell proliferation, and monocyte adhesion Enzyme inhibition (e.g., protein kinase C, phospholipase A2) Inhibition of gene transcription (e.g., for -TTP, tropomyosin alpha-1 chain) Vitamin E deficiency Deficiency is very rare

Serum Bovine Immunoglobulins to both build up the immune system in the digestive system (where the majority of the immune system resides) as well as help fight infections in the gut and heal the gut

FUNDING STATEMENT This work was supported by the University of Milano-Bicocca with FA (Fondo di Ateneo) to PF and MER