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However, the cryopreservation process can induce ultrastructural and functional damage to spermatozoa

These findings underscore the multifaceted nature of H 2 O 2 /O/OH, which not only regulate stem cell proliferation and differentiation but also influence genomic stability and epigenetic modifications, which is crucial for maintaining the stemness and pluripotency of stem cells [301]

It has been shown that certain medications at toxic doses such as paracetamol deplete glutathione

In summary, in SLE patients, mtROS accumulation and mtDNA release may promote ferroptosis and subsequent release of intracellular antigens and DAMPs, thereby mediating the progression of SLE ( Figure 2 )

While the study presents promising evidence for the neuroprotective effects of hNSC-derived EVs, it also reflects broader challenges in the field, such as limited age group representation, lack of long-term follow-up, and variable methodological rigor