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We found that Ubc13 overexpression enhanced mitophagic clearance and Ubc13 deletion decreased it ex vivo and in vitro , indicating that Ubc13 promotes mitophagy in hepatocytes

These mechanisms establish a feedback loop in which persistent neuroinflammation drives ferroptosis, leading to neuronal degeneration and the underlying causes of depression ( Studies have demonstrated that Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) signal transduction is essential for synaptic plasticity in depression, and that BDNF downregulation may have neurotoxic consequences

Pentoxifylline stimulates blood flow, inhibits platelets, and has immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties

Engages brainstem and hypothalamic circuits (notably in the area postrema and related nuclei) to decrease food intake, increase satiety, slow gastric emptying, and ultimately lower body weight in animal and human studies

Manganese contributes to the normal formation of connective tissue