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Long-Term Mortality in Elderly Khavinson et al., observational follow-up data Khavinson and colleagues conducted long-term observational follow-up of elderly patients receiving courses of pineal peptide preparations (including epithalamin and related compounds) and reported a 1.61.8-fold reduction in all-cause mortality over 23-year follow-up periods compared with untreated control groups

Homocysteine reduction: NAC has been shown to lower plasma homocysteine levels by 11.5% at a dose of 1,800 mg/day in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia, likely through a disulfide exchange reaction (Ventura et al., Pharmacology, 2003) [66]

An immunological adjuvant either potentiates the immune responses to an antigen and/or modulates it towards the desired immune responses

They aid in scavenging dangerous reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals produced by cellular metabolism

Treatment options vary based on severity, encompassing conservative measures, medications, and surgery (Hollingsworth and Wilt, 2023), is projected to exceed 400 million by 2035, accounting for over 30% of the total population (CCTV News, 2023)