The recurring interplay of oxidative stress, inflammatory activation, and disrupted cellular signalling provides a unifying mechanistic framework linking renal, musculoskeletal, cutaneous, immunological, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive dysfunctions to those already described in cardiovascular, hepatic, and gonadal tissues ( Taken together, the current body of evidence suggests that supraphysiological androgen exposure disrupts endocrine regulation at multiple levelsfrom hypothalamic control to testicular cellular architecturethrough oxidative, mitochondrial, and epigenetic mechanisms ( To facilitate synthesis of the extensive narrative data presented in Sections 6 and 7, a summary table is provided below, integrating the major psychological and physical adverse effects associated with non-medical testosterone and anabolicandrogenic steroid use across organ systems ( Table 2 )
These modifications exert their influence by modulating the protein stability and altering the expression levels of specific mediators
All products go through strict quality control checks to meet safety regulations and health standards in both domestic and international markets
P237, P472, P509, P757, P1086 Casciaro* S
doi: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i10.100194 42 GuoRLiYSongQHuangRGeXNietoNet al
