r-alpha lipoic acid & acetyl l-carnitine hcl 400 mg with Alpha 200 mg, 120 Capsules (66088) Horbäach Acetyl L Carnitine HCL

L-citrulline (CIT), recognized as a precursor to nitric oxide (NO), has been demonstrated to enhance endothelial functionality, improve oxygen transport, and increase muscle perfusion, while leucine has been shown to stimulate muscle protein synthesis

doi: 10.1080/13697137.2022.2050206

Selenium: Selenium is an essential trace mineral that acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress and supporting a healthy immune system

50 Furthermore, abnormal VEGF levels impair angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, contributing to renal vascular dysfunction, 51 whereas lymphatic dysfunction exacerbates interstitial edema and fibrosis

While not directly linked to muscle growth, it helps improve training intensity and recovery, indirectly supporting lean muscle gain.