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It is well established that iron overload and more generally ferroptosis can trigger macrophage polarization, increasing M1-like markers such as IL-6, IL-1, and TNF, while decreasing M2-like markers [25, 26]

Energy, porphyrin, and neurotransmitter homeostasis are the key metabolic pathways affected by heavy metal exposure, potentially implicated in the pathogenesis of ASD

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Figure 2 Redox balance and ROS production are important mediators of insulin signaling (102)

More critically, upon penetrating the BBB, ROS directly damage neurons and glial cells