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& Garcia-Canovas, F

Consider these research findings: Biofilm formation: Bacterial biofilms can form in chronic nummular lesions, contributing to treatment resistance [3] Altered drug penetration: The thick, scaly (hyperkeratotic) nature of chronic lesions can reduce the absorption of topical medications [13] Neurogenic inflammation: The density of nerve fibers containing Substance P, a neuropeptide involved in inflammation and itching, is significantly increased in nummular eczema lesions [14] Most frustrating is the rebound phenomenon that can occur after discontinuing topical steroids, which can lead to a dependency cycle [15]

Importantly, no glycemic differences were detected among the treated groups (QCN-GP, QCN-HS-GP, F-GP), demonstrating that all diabetic cohorts shared a comparable baseline metabolic dysfunction before topical therapy

Phase I reactions include oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis and cyclization [4]

JHEP Rep 2020;2:100139