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DAMPs released from ferroptotic cellssuch as lipid oxidation products [hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and oxidized phospholipids (oxPLs)], HMGB1, and dsDNAactivate the TLR4-MyD88-NF-B and cGAS-STING pathways, driving the production of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (Wang et al., 2019

Slower escalation reduces the risk of severe nausea and dehydration, which can be more dangerous in older adults with reduced physiological reserves

WHO: Advocates 1,000 mcg/day oral or weekly injections in deficient regions (e.g., Africa), reducing anemia by 15-20% in 2025 trials

Selvam K, Sivapragasam S, Poon GMK, Wyrick JJ

Normal serum vitamin B12 levels range between 200-900 pg/mL, with concentrations less than 200 pg/mL usually resulting in deficiency