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Factors such as inflammation, oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, hypoxia, toxins, and shear stress each play a significant role in altering ECs function and contributing to disease

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In addition, bioavailability can also be used to compare the absorption effects of different drug dosage forms and guide the selection and optimization of drug dosage forms

Nevertheless, DFOs clinical applicability is constrained by poor BBB penetration and non-oral administration route, prompting the development of modified delivery systems(e.g., DFO-gold nanoparticle conjugates, NCT05022472) currently under preclinical optimization

The more efficient conjugation of the QIs to GSH may have reduced covalent modification of cellular macromolecules, like ER proteins Grp78/Bip (Xu et al., 2015), microsomal GST (Weis et al., 1992), and PDI ( Although reactive QI formation has been associated with AQ-induced (cyto)toxicity in vitro (Tafazoli and OBrien, 2009) and in vivo (Shimizu et al., 2009), the exact cellular mechanisms and pathways of AQ-QI and DEAQ-QI toxicity remain poorly understood