The expected normal value is zero at all ages
Combining the two in a single research protocol gives dual-pathway coverage of the regenerative cascade angiogenesis + cell-migration which is closer to the in-vivo process than studying either pathway in isolation
It is studied in metabolic research models for its effects on adipocyte energy expenditure and lipid metabolism
Reasonable approaches include: Regular blood work every 3-6 months checking metabolic markers, liver function, kidney function, and lipid profiles
Patients who have undergone gastric banding should be aware of the following signs that may indicate falling B12 levels and warrant prompt blood testing: Neurological symptoms: Tingling, numbness, or 'pins and needles' in the hands or feet Difficulty with balance or coordination Memory problems, difficulty concentrating, or 'brain fog' Mood changes, including low mood or irritability Haematological symptoms: Persistent fatigue or weakness disproportionate to activity levels Breathlessness on mild exertion Pallor or a slightly yellowish tinge to the skin Other indicators: A sore, smooth, or inflamed tongue (glossitis) Mouth ulcers occurring frequently It is important to recognise that some of these symptoms particularly fatigue and low mood are non-specific and may overlap with other post-operative nutritional deficiencies, such as iron or vitamin D deficiency
