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Beyond-use date (BUD): Assigned to compounded medications by the pharmacist

ROS induce inflammation by increasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-1, IL-8, and TNF- (176, 177)

The increased lipid solubility through the octanol-water partition coefficient can enhance the absorption of a drug by the body (Zhong and Shahidi, 2011)

Second Messengers

Futhermore, in HepG2 cells, GA treatment activated AMPK signaling and reduced mRNA expression of key transcription factors in fatty acid synthesis, including SREBP-1c, LXR, and ACC, as well as fatty acid transporter proteins such as CD36 and FATP2, which mitigated palmitic acid-induced lipid accumulation (Tanaka et al., 2020a)