l carnitine and tma Elucidation of an anaerobic pathway for metabolism of l-carnitine–derived γ-butyrobetaine to trimethylamine in human gut bacteria Too Much TMAO is Bad

Too Much TMAO is Bad for Your Health Simultaneous quantification of trimethylamine N oxide, trimethylamine, choline, betaine, creatinine, and propionyl , acetyl , and l carnitine in clinical and food samples using HILIC LC MS Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Springer Nature Link The use of an in vitro batch fermentation (human colon) model for investigating mechanisms of TMA production from choline, l carnitine and related precursors by the human gut microbiota European Journal of Nutrition Comparison of short term and long term effects of peroral L carnitine intake: clinical implications of elevated TMAO levels in cardiovascular complications Full article: Gut microbes with the gbu genes determine TMAO production from L carnitine intake and serve as a biomarker for precision nutrition

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