doi: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1761748 Received 05 December 2025 Revised 25 March 2026 Accepted 01 April 2026 Published 22 April 2026 Volume 17 - 2026 Edited by Ming Xu, Shimonoseki City University, Japan Reviewed by Gaetano De Siena, University of Florence, Italy Wei Guo, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, United States Updates Copyright 2026 Nandagopal and Manickam
High ROS levels generated via endogenous (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum [ER], and NOXs) and exogenous sources (radiation, drugs, foods, cigarette smoking, and pollution) induce oxidative stress that is harmful to the host 46,47
Nevertheless, -lipoic acid, which possesses antioxidant properties, could potentially disrupt the antitumor efficacy of BTZ in melanoma cells (Takacs et al., 2020)
Sublingual semaglutide formulations have also emerged as compounded alternatives, dissolving under the tongue for direct absorption through the oral mucosa
In correlation analysis, the variation in magnitude of one variable is directly linked with the change in magnitude of the other variable (either positive or negative correlation) (119)