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GR converts oxidized glutathione into its reduced form using NADPH obtained through the hexose monophosphate pathway and/or the NADP+ dependent malate dehydrogenase enzyme involved in the transport of acetyl CoA from the mitochondria to the cytosol (Figure 1) [9,10]

Changes in phytochelatins and their biosynthetic intermediates in red spruce ( Picea rubens Sarg.) cell suspension cultures under cadmium and zinc stress

It also appears in peripheral organs and body fluids, suggesting systemic regulatory functions beyond the central nervous system

However, during certain diseased conditions, a high influx of peripheral bone marrow-derived monocytes can occur through the BBB, especially during neuro- and systemic inflammation [31]

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