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In juvenile rat hippocampal slices, pyruvate administration was able to restore ATP levels and rescue neurons against NMDA mediated excitotoxicity (Izumi and Zorumski, 2010)

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Reduces absorption rate and increases localized irritation

We observed that a ferroptosis-like mechanism, induced by xCT inhibition with Erastin, at a non-lethal level, promoted features of ECs activation, such as proliferation, migration and vessel-like structures formation, concomitantly with the depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) and increased levels of oxidative stress and lipid peroxides

found that ipamorelin accelerated gastric emptying in adult male rats [4]