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Clinically, the U-shaped curve illustrates the risks associated with excessive antioxidant supplementation in the absence of proper professional oversight and individualized patient assessment [23]

Furthermore, increased mucosal permeability in UC exposes the immune system to bacterial antigens, leading to abnormal immune responses that exacerbate inflammation and disrupt immune regulation

PlexusDx emphasizes precision-based decision-making by combining clinical evidence with biomarker and genetic context, enabling more targeted treatment selection aligned with individual physiology

doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1639783 Received 02 June 2025 Accepted 07 July 2025 Published 28 July 2025 Volume 15 - 2025 Edited by Meng Qin, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China Reviewed by Zhen Liu, Jilin University, China Zhanlong He, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China Updates Copyright 2025 Tian, Zhang, Yun, Kuang and Li

At the same time, NAC drastically inhibited Art-increased intracellular iron, MDA and ROS levels (Fig