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Secondly, in terms of cytokine network regulation, TMAO can promote the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and IL-12p40 by DCs, while inhibiting the production of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10

Several previous studies have used the same platform for MDD participants 20,52,64

A central hallmark of atherosclerosis is foam cell formation characterized by uncontrolled lipoprotein accumulation within macrophages (62)

doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx342

The reduction of TMAO in active IBD patients may reflect the depletion of TMA producing taxa caused by ecological imbalance, rather than ruling out the pathogenic role of TMAO