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Among the remaining subjects, we further excluded those who received a diagnosis of bipolar disorder during the follow-up assessment (n = 9), those with missing metabolite data due to the lack of blood samples (n = 158) and those who did not complete the Inventory for Depressive Symptoms questionnaire (n = 33)

Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant that inhibits the formation of free radicals (harmful chemicals) and prevents further accumulation and production of free radicals.

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(Paw and Shulman 2025) [1c] levetiracetam: dosing Loading dose in status epilepticus : 60 mg/kg up to a max of 4.5 grams, infused over 10 min