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ROS can affect mitochondrial DNA which can cause modulations in the synthesis of METC components like adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production as well as the leakage of ROS into the cells cytoplasm ( Although the precise mechanism corresponding to ROS generation related to PD is still unknown, in this review, we summarize the major sources of oxidative stress generated by the DA neurons, like DA metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation ( Figure 1 )

Mitochondria contain 1015% of the intracellular GSH reaching a concentration of 1012 mM (54) while in the cytosol the concentration is 7 mM (54, 56)

Espinosa et al

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