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380 The sirtuin protein family plays crucial regulatory roles in neurodegenerative diseases

Acetyl-L-carnitine significantly improves mental fatigue, while propionyl-L-carnitine more effectively manages general fatigue

Pro-Oxidant Activity Selenium exerts dual effects: at low concentrations, it possesses antioxidant activity by maintaining the intracellular redox status, whereas at higher concentrations, it acts as a pro-oxidant that generates oxygen radicals and provokes apoptotic cell death [248]

Bacterial cells were harvested by carefully removing the supernatant by centrifugation (1,000 g , 10 min, 4 C) and the resulting pellet was resuspended with 50 l of B-PER reagent (supplemented with 1 mM DTT and 1 mM PMSF)

Therefore, the extent to which peripheral cortisol and IGF-1 levels reflect those of the central nervous system remains unclear, which is a significant limitation of the current study