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The epithelium in inflammatory bowel disease: potential role of endocytosis of junctional proteins in barrier disruption

Abbreviations AD: Alzheimers disease AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase APOE: Apolipoprotein E APP/PS1E9: Amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 E9 ATP: Adenosine triphosphate A: Amyloid-beta BBB: Blood-brain barrier BCL-2: B-cell lymphoma 2 BCL-XL: B-cell lymphoma-extra large CAR-T: Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell CDK5: Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 CNS: Central nervous system DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid DRI: D-Retro-Inverso FOXO4: Forkhead box O4 FOXO4-DRI: FOXO4-D-Retro-Inverso fMRI: Functional magnetic resonance imaging GSK3: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta IL-1: Interleukin-1 beta IL-6: Interleukin-6 IND: Investigational New Drug JNK: C-Jun N-terminal kinase MCI: Mild cognitive impairment MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging OPCs: Oligodendrocyte precursor cells PARP: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase ROS: Reactive oxygen species SASP: Senescence-associated secretory phenotype TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor- 3xTg-AD: Triple transgenic Alzheimers disease References Abou Zaki R, El-Osta A (2024) Metformin: decelerates biomarkers of aging clocks

By appending the tripeptide sequence Pro-Gly-Pro to tuftsin's C-terminus, they created Selank, a heptapeptide that retained tuftsin's immunomodulatory properties while gaining pronounced neurotropic effects and substantially improved resistance to enzymatic degradation

That imaging tells me whether we're dealing with active degeneration, scar tissue, partial tearing, or a healing response that stalled

Oral bioavailability for systemic purposes is estimated at 1030% of injectable delivery