doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.05.014
However, they can be used to measure overexposure to chromium Iodine Urinary iodine Excretion 0.78 mol/d indi- Reliable indicator of status cates deficiency Severe iodine deficiency may cause hypothy- roidism Serum total thyroxine (T4) Normal range 68182 nmol/l Iodine deficiency will increase serum TSH level Serum thyroid-stimulat- Values 4.0 mU/l may indi- ing hormone (TSH) cate iodine deficiency or an- other cause of thyroid impair- ment Selenium Activity 30 E/g hemoglobin Sensitive index of status Blood glutathione peroxi- indicates deficiency Index of short-term dietary intake dase Normal range is 0.91.9 Serum selenium mol/l Flouride Normal levels are 0.10.25 Whole blood fluoride mg/l Normal levels are 414 g/l Plasma fluoride Normal levels are 0.31.5 Urinary fluoride mg/d Toxic metals: Normal levels are 340 g/g Hair analysis is a reliable measure of tissue le- Aluminum vels Hair aluminum Levels 1.6 g/g hair may in- Hair analysis is a reliable measure of tissue le- Cadmium dicate elevated tissue levels vels and is superior to blood levels as an index Hair cadmium levels of long-term exposure Lead Blood lead Levels 200 g/l indicate Blood levels are a relatively insensitive index of Hair lead elevated tissue levels and tox- chronic exposure because most body lead is icity deposited in the skeleton Levels 15 g/g may indicate Hair analysis is a reliable measure of tissue le- elevated tissue levels vels
In addition, GLP-1 delays stomach emptying, suppresses appetite, inhibits glucagon secretion, and slows glucose production in the liver
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Last but not least, it was shown recently that d-ribose drives non-enzymatic glycation of hemoglobin [188], thereby interfering with oxygen loading and unloading [182] and inducing erythrocyte damage and eryptosis [188]
