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However, the exact regulatory pathway involved remains unknown[77]

Carotenoids Carotenoids are phytochemicals with antioxidant properties that can reduce the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease

doi: 10.1186/2045-9912-1-12 99 OraczJ.ZyzelewiczD

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I E-peptides are required for isoform-specific gene expression and muscle hypertrophy after local IGF-I production

Proinflammatory cytokines TNF- and IL1- activate the canonical NF-B pathway that induce the gene expression of cyclooxigenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase-3, inflammatory cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinases [75] These changes lead to the damage of TJs, decreased endothelial integrity and increased permeability at the BBB [73, 76], and to neuroinflammation and the development of chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as AD [10, 77]