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Conditions like pernicious anaemia (an autoimmune condition affecting a protein called intrinsic factor vital for B12 absorption), stomach issues (such as from reduced stomach acid or certain medications like proton pump inhibitors), intestinal disorders (like Crohns disease or coeliac disease), or even surgical removal of parts of the small intestine (e.g., gastric bypass surgery) can prevent proper absorption

Meudt O., Klinikum Memmingen, Department of Neurology

Excessive or prolonged inflammation damages healthy tissue and delays repair

Check the labels to make sure B12 is included

To directly feed the heme-biosynthesis pathway, measure mitochondrial respiration, and trace metabolic flux in cellular and animal models