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Mechanisms of mitophagy in cellular homeostasis, physiology and pathology

Other pharmacological options include catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors like entacapone and opicapone, which extend the half-life of levodopa, do not cross the BBB at all and primarily affect peripheral metabolism, providing no direct action in the brain 59

In the VMH, MORs hyperpolarize neurons to reduce cellular excitability, including those that express the leptin receptor, via enhancing GIRK currents (Emmerson and Miller, 1999)

"Physical activity and muscle-brain crosstalk." Nature Reviews Endocrinology .

Aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza inflata inhibits aggregation by upregulating PPARGC1A and NFE2L2-ARE pathways in cell models of spinocerebellar ataxia 3