penn state electronic cigarette dependence index Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the (ECDI) in a Colombian Sample Electronic Cigarette Use Among Youth:
Electronic Cigarette Use Among Youth: Understanding Unique Risks in a Vulnerable Population PMC The Roswell eND scale: Brief, valid assessment of nicotine dependence adults seeking to discontinue e cigarette use ScienceDirect Penn State study: Vapers report less dependence, addiction than cigarette smokers WHYY Validity and Reliability of Four Instruments for E Cigarette Dependence and Sensory Factors in E Cigarette Use and Correlations Between These Measurements Banu Aslan, Ozgur Onal, 2026 Popular electronic cigarette may deliver nicotine more effectively than others, researchers say Penn State Health News
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