In a 2023 NHS survey, one-third of youth smokers reported regularly (and illegally) buying cigarettes from shops
Structured monitoring of: (a) nicotine withdrawal symptoms or 'mood and experiences' (Segan Reference Segan, Baker and Turner2017), using the 8-item Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (Hughes Reference Hughes2007a): anger/irritability/frustration anxiety or nervousness depression/sad mood desire/craving to smoke difficulty concentrating increased appetite/hunger/weight gain insomnia/sleep problems/awakening at night restlessness/impatience (b) the most common adverse side-effects of psychiatric medications (Lapshin Reference Kay-Lambkin, Edwards and Baker2006), or 'possible side-effects' (Segan Reference Segan, Baker and Turner2017): dry mouth or increased salivation increased thirst headache nausea drowsiness, tiredness, fatigue increased sleep blurred vision dizziness increased sweating In the case of anxiety, depression, low mood and stress, the five areas of the CBT model can help us understand that these conditions and their associated feelings can be a trigger for smoking
The Mexican government is taxing cigarettes with tariffs that add up to 63% of the final price of a pack, including a 16% VAT that is included in almost all products
However, a healthy diet rich in nutrients such as vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium may support vocal cord health and overall vocal health
Although oxidative stress is known to induce post-translational modifications/damage to mitochondrial proteins [25, 26], it is currently unknown whether mitochondrial structure and function in airway epithelial cells are affected by cigarette smoke [27, 28], and whether these changes are present in COPD epithelium
