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Identifying and resolving inconsistencies in longitudinal smoking data Integration of LLM-extracted (using Gemini) and structured smoking records revealed inconsistencies in how smoking status changed over time within patient longitudinal smoking histories (Fig

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a harmful gas formed through incomplete combustion and is produced when smoking tobacco

Tertile 2 of e-liquid consumption per week and voltage were associated with higher saliva nickel levels than tertile 1

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Previous studies have observed that smoking duration has the greatest influence on COPD risk and this also occurs in other diseases such as lung cancer810,14,15 and cardiovascular disease.24 Thus, people who smoke with a lower intensity for a longer period of time have a higher risk of lung cancer than those who smoke with a higher intensity in a shorter period.8 In relation to COPD, this aspect has not been as extensively studied as in lung cancer