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Many e-cigarette makers that used tobacco-derived nicotine have recently switched to synthetic nicotine to avoid regulation by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

K., Tulsyan, S., Bharadwaj, M

A 2019 study used cotinine urine tests on people preparing for bariatric surgery to determine adherence to pre-surgery instructions

Retrieved 2008-06-19

Determination of As-ADI The average daily intake of As through drinking water ingestion was calculated using the following equation [43]: where ADI is expressed as average daily intake of As (mg/kg/day), DWAs is drinking water arsenic concentration (mg/L), IR is daily ingestion rate (L/day) (self-reported by participant), and BW is body weight (kg) (measured during study)