tobacco in history the cultures of dependence History: Dependence, (Hardcover) and their contemporaries lived in a world that was dominated by questions of debt from across an ocean but also one that stressed personal autonomy Jordan Goodman, Tobacco in history:

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Enter the braconid wasp, a tiny parasitic insect that uses hornworms as living nurseries: Egg injection : Female wasps inject eggs directly into the caterpillar Internal development : Larvae develop inside the living host Emergence : Eventually emerge to pupate in small white cocoons Identification : Look like grains of rice stuck to the hornworms back Management : If you find infected hornworms, leave them alonethe wasps will finish the job Organic Control Methods Hand-Picking (The Gold Standard) For organic control, hand-picking remains the most effective method: Best timing : Early morning when caterpillars are most active Safety : Hornworms wont bite, sting, or protest when removed Detection tip : Look for black droppings (frass) on leaves below damaged areas Frequency : Daily checks during peak season (mid to late summer) The Chicken Solution If you keep chickens, youve struck gold: Protein source : Hornworms are like caviar to poultry Happy hens : My chickens actually do a little dance when I toss them a hornworm Neighbor network : Even without chickens, find neighbors with backyard flocks Win-win : Pest control and chicken treats in one package Companion Planting Strategies Basil : Plant near tomatoes to confuse hornworms and the adult moths who lay eggs Marigolds : May help repel moths (though science is mixed) Dill and fennel : Attract beneficial wasps nearby Extra tomatoes : Plant a few extra to account for hornworm tax Their Ecological Role After years of battling these green giants, Ive developed a grudging respect for them

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