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In step 3, following the GRADE approach 192,193 , we quantified risk of bias across six domains, namely, representativeness of the study population, exposure, outcome, reverse causation, control for confounding and selection bias

Governments regulate packaging to reduce the appeal of tobacco products, communicate health risks, and prevent misleading marketing

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BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 24 , 435 (2024)

The sensitivity analysis excluded participants who had third-degree or higher relatedness to further reduce non-random distribution of risk genes, developed outcomes within the first two years of follow-up to avoid reverse causality, and had a mismatch between calculation and self-reported never-smoking