glutathione n acetylcysteine ascorbic acid alpha lipoic acid b vitamins The Combined Antioxidant Effects of N-Acetylcysteine, Vitamin D3, and from the Intestinal–Neuronal In Vitro Model Glutathione Supplement Liver Detox with

Abbreviations AGE: Advanced Glycation End-products AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase JNK: c-Jun N-terminal Kinase DPP-IV: Dipeptidyl peptidase IV ERK: Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus GLP-1: Glucagon-like Peptide-1 GLUT4: Glucose Transporter Type 4 GSH: Glutathione HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin GAP: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate GSK-3: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 GAPDH: Gyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c IB: Inhibitor of kappa B alpha IRS-1: Insulin receptor substrate-1 IGF-1: Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 IFN-: Interferon gamma IL-1: Interleukin-1 beta IL-18: Interleukin-18 IL-6: Interleukin-6 LF: Lactoferrin LGA: Large gestational age MDA: Malondialdehyde mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin MAPK: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase NK: Natural killer NF-B: Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells p38: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase PPAR-: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma PIP3: Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate PIP2: Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate PARP-1: Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-1 PKB/AKT: Protein Kinase B PKC: Protein Kinase C PTP1B: Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B RNS: Reactive nitrogen species ROS: Reactive oxygen species BDNF: Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor SNE: Serum Neuron-Specific Enolase SIRT-1: Sirtuin 1 STZ: Streptozotocin SOD: Superoxide dismutase TGF-: Transforming growth factors TNF-: Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha T1D: Type 1 diabetes T2D: Type 2 diabetes UCP-2: Uncoupling protein-2 UDP-GlcNAc: Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine Wnt: Wingless/Int-1 References Deshpande AD, Harris-Hayes M, Schootman M

J Biol Chem 119:481 Matsui Y, Kumagai H, Masuda H (2006) Nihon Shokuhin Kagaku K gakkai

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Theranostics 13 , 324338 (2023)

Statements Author contributions BT and W-P-PL conceived and designed the review and wrote the manuscript