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Research has shown GHK-Cu influences expression of over 4,000 human genes, stimulates collagen I, III and elastin synthesis, activates matrix metalloproteinases for extracellular matrix remodelling, supports angiogenesis through VEGF and FGF upregulation, and suppresses pro-inflammatory TNF- signalling

Indeed, the co-treatment of glioma cells with SC79 (AKT activator) and MPEP (mGluR5 antagonist) reverses the effect of the mGluR5 inhibition in glioma cells, indicating that AKT as a downstream of mGluR5 can regulate cell viability in hypoxia and normal conditions (75, 76)

These effects were mediated primarily through activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, which subsequently upregulated mTOR and RhoA/p-MLC

Saulle E, Spinello I, Quaranta MT, Pasquini L, Pelosi E, Iorio E, Castelli G, Chirico M, Pisanu ME, Ottone T, Voso MT, Testa U, Labbaye C (2021) Targeting lactate metabolism by inhibiting MCT1 or MCT4 impairs leukemic cell proliferation, induces two different related death-pathways and increases chemotherapeutic sensitivity of acute myeloid leukemia cells