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Global, regional, and national burden of 34 cancer groups across 204 countries and territories, 1990-2021, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021

Synthetic analogs (HNG) developed for improved pharmacology remain preclinical

Additional Systemic Benefits Animal research also suggests possible benefits of using GHK-Cu for the following applications: Lung protection in injury models DNA repair signaling Anti-cancer activity Anxiolytic and analgesic effects Preservation of gut barrier integrity These are much less conclusively proven in humans compared to the previous benefits, but they are biologically plausible based on known GHK-Cu signaling pathways

Leaves are used as appetizer, stomachic, diuretic and hemostatic [35]

Additionally, the increase in hemichannel activation due to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines [e.g., tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) and interleukin-1 (IL-1)] in primary cell cultures and mice results in an increase in the release of various ions (i.e., K + , Ca 2+ ) and gliotransmitters (i.e., ATP, glutamate) into the extracellular space, further disrupting homeostasis and possibly contributing to neuronal death (Retamal et al., 2007